Women Progress In The 20th Century Free Essay Example, 1250 words

Thus, a study of these three countries will reveal the changes that took place during the 20th century in the context of female development. China went through a nationwide reform in the 20th century. Plagued by the traditional pressures and cultural values, it was difficult for women to embrace freedom and modernity immediately. However, the internal rebellions, political changes, the introduction of new reforms etc. , brought an end to the dynasty system. China strived to step up and gain its position in the international arena, for which they had to embrace the inevitable, modernity. Chinese scholars believed that in order for their survival in the modern world they had to form national citizenry which focused upon modernity and nationalism. Modernity suggested the acceptance of women as an important part of the process by acknowledging their significant contribution to the upholding of their cultures, traditions, and the economy. Women thus played a key role in shaping the moder n China of today which is known for its strong societal and economic standing (Rudolph, n.Marriage laws supported individual choice more than a suppressed obligation to marry and the family structure changes highly. We will write a custom essay sample on Women Progress In The 20th Century or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now With women becoming more independent, the joint family system was replaced by a highly individualistic living culture with small families. The one-child law gave women more time to do something other than child rearing and thus, many resorted to completing their education and seeking active careers. However, culture did play a significant role in the re-shaping of the one-child rule to a two-child one for the purpose of obtaining a son in a family (Hershatter, 2007). This showed that the shackles of male superiority could not be broken free from, entirely. The barriers to their progress existed as a result of the entrenched traditional Confucian system, slowing down their rate of development. Women subordination in Japan was a deep-rooted phenomenon that was supported even by the government (Christensen, 2014).

Essay on The Boxer Rebellion in China - 1406 Words

The Boxer Rebellion in China â€Å"China never wanted foreigners any more than foreigners wanted China men, and on this question I am with the Boxers every time. The Boxer is a patriot. He loves his country better than he does the countries of other people. I wish him success. The Boxer believes in driving us out of his country. I am a Boxer too, for I believe in driving him out of our country† – Mark Twain, Berkeley Lyceum, New York, Nov 23, 1900. The Boxer Rebellion soul purpose was to liberate China from foreign influence. Foreign capitalists dictated corrupt government officials and controlled leading industrial parts of Northern China. Chinese overseers were upset over this issue and contemplated for a solution. A revolt was the†¦show more content†¦The reason for their hatred of missionaries was that they were an insult to traditional Chinese culture. Also, some of the missionaries were dishonest and tried to interfere in the politics of rural China. Rev. Dr. A Woodruff Halsey said â€Å"†¦ The missionary has had his share in fomenting this trouble and must bear his share of the blame. Some of the missionaries have been politicians as well as Christians, and their grasping, selfish attitude has helped to bring about the present condition...† The Boxers first wanted to kill all the foreign Christians in China, and they also wanted to get rid of their foreign, Manchurian, rulers; the Dowager Empress and the Qing Dynasty which had ruled China for the past 300 years. However, the Dowager Empress was smart. She convinced the Boxers that she was on their side and had the Boxers attack the foreigners instead. The Dowager Empress did not really want to kill all the foreigners though. She tried to help them whenever she could. Sometimes the Qing Imperial army would attack the foreigners and they would help protect them from the attacking Chinese Boxers. The Dowager Empress did not trust the Europeans, Americans and Japanese very much. She thought that they were dishonest in their relations with China, â€Å"†¦ For the past thirty years [the foreigners] have taken advantage of our countys benevolence and generosity as well as our wholehearted conciliation to give free rein to their unscrupulous ambitions. They haveShow MoreRelatedThe Boxer Rebellion Of China1278 Words   |  6 Pages2014 The Boxer Rebellion In the very late 1800’s and into the early 1900’s, terror struck northern China when a group of Chinese peasants known as â€Å"Boxer’s† began their historic rebellion against the spread of western and Japanese influence in China. They were attempting to drive all foreigners out and away from China, fearing that they would transform traditional ways of the Chinese culture. This event would prove to be a detriment to both the people of China, as well as the country of China as a wholeRead MoreImpact of the Boxer Rebellion on China and the Qing Dynasty815 Words   |  4 PagesThe Boxers throughout the length of the Rebellion aimed to influence and enforce their views upon the Chinese people and the ruling Qing dynasty. This group, comprised primarily of adolescents from Northern China, aimed to rid their country from economic manipulation, political invasion, the influence of foreign ideas and to eradicate Christianity from China. These aims were conveyed through a series of significant actions performed between 1899 and 1901 which included those such as: attacks on ChineseRead MoreThe Boxer Rebellion and The Great Game in China by David J. Silbey624 Words   |  3 PagesAs written in the book The Boxer Rebellion and the Great Game in China by David J. Silbey, the author gives an account of the Boxer Rebellion. David J. Silbey, the author gives an account using allied soldier and diplomat’s letters and diaries of the Boxer Rebellion. The Boxer Rebellion is an anti-foreigner movement in China during 1900. The conclusion of this rebellion lead to China having signed the Boxer Protocol in September 1901(Page 225). This treaty entailed the Chinese paying reparationsRead MoreBoxer Rebellion Causes1084 Words   |  5 PagesExplain causes of the Boxer Rebellion The Boxer Rebellion occurred as a result of both foreign and domestic internal tensions. These tensions were the causes of the Boxer Rebellion. China faced terrible natural disasters in 1899 and these was the main short term on the Boxer Rebellion. These included the flooding of the Yellow river then followed by the terrible drought. This lead to crops being destroyed and to farmers unable to pay their taxes which damaged the economy and millions of Chinese peopleRead MoreBoxer Rebellion Essay1189 Words   |  5 PagesThe Boxer Rebellion was perhaps a fitting conclusion to one of the most violent centuries in China. A century of internal rebellions and the invasions of the west and Japan. In response to the growing intrusion of foreign influence, the Chinese Boxers sought to violently expel all foreigner elements from China and restore power to the Qing Dynasty. Despite the widespread violence across China, the rebellion was eventually crushed by the combined might of the Eight-Nati on Alliance. Given the controversialRead MoreThe Boxer Rebellion : Myths And Symbolism1167 Words   |  5 Pagesdescribing the Boxer Rebellion as a myth. Myths, or mythologization, is essentially the manner in which later groups and people would use the Boxer Rebellion to suit their own ideals or social movements. Chen Duxia, future head of the Chinese Communist Party, provided a scathing critique of the Boxers, especially regarding the 5 causes of their rise in power. Given the continuing prevalence of these 5 causes, primarily religious beliefs, Chen warning of the possibility of a reemergence of the Boxers. If thisRead MoreModernization Of A Progressive Transition From A Modern Society1334 Words   |  6 Pages20th century. As a nation like China, which developed later than others, see modernization as a guide to rapid development. China had been through various wars and movements from the late 19th century until the mid 20th century before the establishment of the Peopleâ€⠄¢s Republic of China in 1949. Before the modernization of China, two major rebellions, which happened in the late 1900s had implicated strongly on her modernization process. One of the major rebellions, which affected deeply on China’sRead MoreCauses Of The Boxer Rebellion881 Words   |  4 PagesThe Boxer Rebellion was a renowned uprising that occurred in China from 1899-1901, however there have been many debates between historians surrounding the possible causes that fuelled the rebellion. There were three major causes that may have encouraged the rebellion, these include anti-foreign, anti-Christian and anti-Qing sentiment present within in the Chinese communities where Boxers originated from, such as Shandong. Historians often question the different impacts and used a series of extendedRead MoreBoxer Rebellion1424 Words   |  6 PagesChina never wanted foreigners any more than foreigners wanted China men, and on this question I am with the Boxers every time. The Boxer is a patriot. He loves his country better than he does the countries of other people. I wish him success. The Boxer believes in driving us out of his country. I am a Boxer too , for I believe in driving him out of our country Ââ€" Mark Twain, Berkeley Lyceum, New York, Nov 23, 1900. The Boxer Rebellion soul purpose was to liberate China from foreign influence.Read MoreWomen s Foreign And Domestic Policies Play894 Words   |  4 Pages What role did China’s foreign and domestic policies play in the 1899 Boxer Rebellion? The Boxer Rebellion, also known as the Boxer Uprising, was a movement created by nationalist Chinese men in response to what they perceived to be the westernization of their country by European forces and influences (â€Å"Boxer Rebellion†). Most of the people involved were very young men who had been inducted into a society known as the Yihequan, or Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists, to fight against foreign

Acquisition Payment Cycle Free Essays

Acquisition and Payment Cycle According to Arens, Elder and Beasley (2006), â€Å"is considered as the third major transaction cycle. † The three major transactions in the acquisition and payment cycle include: 1. Acquisition of goods and services 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Acquisition Payment Cycle or any similar topic only for you Order Now Cash Disbursements 3. Purchase returns and allowances and purchase discounts Components such as, acquisition of raw materials, equipment, supplies, utilities, repairs and maintenance, and research and development plays a major role in the acquisition and payment cycle. The major accounts that are associated with the acquisition and payment cycle are, accounts payable, inventory, and expenses. The methodology for designing tests for phase 1 – 3 of the process includes; identification of client risks affecting other accounts, setting tolerable misstatements, assessing inherent risk for accounts, and assessing control risks for accounts. Business functions included in the acquisition and payment cycle includes: processing purchase orders, receiving goods and services, recognizing the liability, and processing and recording cash disbursements. The incorporation of e-commerce affects the acquisition and payment cycle in many ways. Information about the products and services that Apollo Shoes offers is readily accessible on the internet. This could be a hindrance for Apollo Shoes, since the company competitors can mimic the company’s products and services. For communication purposes, Apollo Shoes use the company’s intranet to communicate information securely. This action prevents a potential leak of information to the public and competitors. Below is a detailed illustration of the audit of the acquisition and payment cycle for Apollo Shoes. TRANSACTION-RELATED AUDIT OBJECTIVE| KEY INTERNAL CONTROL| COMMON TEST OF CONTROL| COMMON SUBSTANTIVE TESTS OF TRANSACTIONS| | | | | 1. Recorded acquisitions are for goods and services received, consistent with the best interests of the client. | | | | 2. | Purchase requisition, purchase order, receiving report, and vendor’s invoice are attached to the voucher. Acquisitions are approved at the proper level. Computer accepts entry of purchases only from authorized vendors in the vendor master file. Documents are cancelled to prevent their reuse. Vendor’s invoices, receiving reports, purchase orders, and purchase requisitions are internally verified. | Examine documents in voucher package for existence. Examine indication of approval. Attempt to input transactions with valid and invalid vendors. Examine indication of cancellation. Examine indication of internal verification. | Review the acquisitions journal, general ledger, and accounts payable master file for large or unusual accounts. Examine underlying documents for reasonableness and authenticity. Examine vendor master file for unusual vendors. Trace inventory acquisitions to inventory master file. Examine fixed assets acquired. | TRANSACTION-RELATED AUDIT OBJECTIVE| KEY INTERNAL CONTROL| COMMON TEST OF CONTROL| COMMON SUBSTANTIVE TESTS OF TRANSACTIONS| | | | | 3. Existing acquisition transactions are recorded. | | | | 4. | Purchase orders are prenumbered and accounted for. Receiving reports are prenumbered and accounted for. Vouchers are prenumbered and accounted for. | Account for a sequence of purchase orders. Account for a sequence of receiving reports. Account for a sequence of vouchers. Trace from a file of receiving reports to the acquisitions journal. Trace from a file of vendors’ invoices to the acquisitions journal. | 5. Recorded acquisition transactions are accurate. | Calculations and amounts are internally verified. Batch totals are compared with computer summary reports. Acquisitions are approved for prices and discounts. | Examine indication of internal verification. Examine file of batch totals for in itials of data control clerk; compare totals to summary reports. Examine indication of approval. Compare recorded transactions in the acquisitions journal with the vendor’s invoice, receiving report, and other supporting documentation. Re-compute the clerical accuracy on the vendor’s invoice, including discounts and freight. | TRANSACTION-RELATED AUDIT OBJECTIVE| KEY INTERNAL CONTROL| COMMON TEST OF CONTROL| COMMON SUBSTANTIVE TESTS OF TRANSACTIONS| | | | | 6. Acquisition transactions are properly classified. | | | | 7. | An adequate chart of accounts is used. Account classifications are internally verified. | Examine procedures manual and chart of accounts. Examine indication of internal verification. | Compare classification with chart of accounts by referring to vendor’s invoices. | 8. Acquisition transactions are recorded on the correct dates. | Procedures require recording transactions as soon as possible after the goods and services have been verified. Dates are internally verified. | Examine procedures manual and observe whether unrecorded vendor’s invoices exist. Examine indication of internal verification. | Compare dates of receiving reports and vendor’s invoices with dates in the acquisitions journal. 9. Acquisition transactions are properly included in the accounts payable and inventory master files and are properly summarized. | Accounts payable master file contents are internally verified. Accounts payable master file or trial balance totals are compared with general ledger balances. | Examine indication of internal verification. Examine initials on general ledger accounts indicating comparison. | Test clerical accuracy by footing the journals and tracing postings to general ledger and accounts payable and inventory master files. | Results of the Audit Of the preliminary audit of Apollo Shoes acquisition and payment cycle a sample size of 120 invoices were selected. There were missing invoices related to the sample size. The invoices were properly posted to the general ledger sales and accounts receivable control accounts. Each invoice was posted to the appropriate account, no discrepancy was found. The invoices not listed to the proper accounts demonstrated no deviations to other documents, re-calculations, or comparisons. The expected credit approval notation, â€Å"No credit approval,† was not found in the related documents. When a notation of the, â€Å"Wrong quantity billed,† was posted, a description of the explanation followed. In addition, the notation of, â€Å"CM,† meant the customer contacted Apollo Shoes stating an error and credit memo was issued on the following date. This notation caused all credit memos to generate a debit to a sales return account followed by a credit to accounts receivable. In regards to the other documentation, there were no additional discrepancies to alert management regarding the acquisition and payment cycle. All findings of the 120 sample size were warranted. How to cite Acquisition Payment Cycle, Papers

The Person Who Influenced Me The Most free essay sample

I opened the box and took out the gleaming gold bracelet. For me? I could barely talk. Yes, of course, said my Aunt Estelle. I really shouldnt have been surprised because she was like that, unexpected and golden. When I was younger, I knew that I could always go to my Aunt Estelle for comfort, advice and support. She was my best friend and my guardian angel. I could always be honest with her and confide in her about anything that was on my mind. She also knew when I was trying to hide something. Aunt Estelle gave me advice when it was sought and guided me through many difficulties. Last December, I was confronted with one of the most difficult choices I ever had to make in my life. Naturally, I sought Aunt Estelles advice but for the first time I didnt like her response. She was dying of cancer and I was scheduled to go to Israel for two weeks with a group from my synagogue. We will write a custom essay sample on The Person Who Influenced Me The Most or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Aunt Estelle was the most unselfish person I ever knew and would not even consider my hesitation about going. When I went to the hospital to visit her for what turned out to be the last time, she was waiting for me with a book about Israel on her bed and made it very clear that she expected me to go that it was her greatest wish for me to go how could I refuse her. Aunt Estelle called me before I left to tell me that she loved me and that she would always be with me. I went to Israel and had the time of my life. When I returned, my parents picked me up. I told them I couldnt wait to tell Aunt Estelle about my journey. They became silent and I knew before they said the words that she had died. Aunt Estelles unselfishness was her greatest gift. The gold bracelet she gave me for my sixteenth birthday was an exact replica of one that I had always admired on her. Each time I look at it I am reminded of an even greater gift from my aunt, the gift of her love. Whenever I find myself becoming too self-centered and overlooking the needs of those around me, I recall her selflessness and attempt to emulate her ability to make the needs of others a priority.

The play is about two young people who fall madly in love at first sight Essay Example For Students

The play is about two young people who fall madly in love at first sight Essay The play is about two young people who fall madly in love at first sight. Although there is a slight conflict, in which their families are great enemies. Romeo to whom belonged to the Montague family and Juliet to the Capulet family. They secretly get married. Then trudged strikes, when both Romeo and Juliet die. The play is all about love and hate. The audience knows nothing about Romeo and Juliet before they meet, this is because it was love at first sight as said earlier on ,and also because each on of them had their own separate life, meaning Romeo had fallen in love with Rosaline and Juliet was almost getting married to Paris. We will write a custom essay on The play is about two young people who fall madly in love at first sight specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now At this point it is difficult because it was Juliets first time to meet both Romeo and Paris. Romeo mainly went to look for Rosaline but instead found his love Juliet. The expectation at first was for Juliet to accept married to Paris and Romeo to find Rosaline, but instead both Romeo and Juliet found each other. Also the fact that Romeo and Juliet found out that their families where enemies, this might have seemed to change everything but it did not. Their love for each other grew stronger that they died for each other. The dramatic effect on the opening of the play is quite positive. Based on how Capulet, expresses his words to his guests brings out happiness and brightness to the play. Welcome, gentlemen! Ladies that have their toes unplagued with corns will have a bout with you. Ah ha, my mistresses! Which of you all will now deny to dance? She that makes dainty, she, Ill swear, hath corns; am I come near ye now? .This is an example of one of the examples of speeches made by Capulet. Also remembering that the atmosphere is happy and everyone is in the party mood, he would not want anything to go wrong with the day. Hence that is why he told his nephew not to harm Romeo during the party. The dramatic effect on Romeos speech to Juliet is that it is very romantic and draws attention to the audience. The way Romeo had put it was as if he had never loved anyone before. It is in a position that if he said it to her at that moment it would drive her crazy enough to fall in love with him. The way he also describes her beauty is as if she were the only beautiful thing in the whole world. Romeos speeches are mostly of love and not hate. He shows himself as a loving gentleman who is full of love and peace in everything. The speech about Juliet is full of poetry as well. Considering that most of his speeches are in poetry form. As I said earlier on the way Romeo is a peaceful and loving man in his speech Tybalt is his opposite. Tybalts speech is full of anger and shows no love, peace or mercy in his words. Even though Capulet is Tybalts uncle he reacts very bitterly to his manner. Since it is a joyous day for him he would not want anything to go wrong especially at a time like that. Eventually after Tybalt crossed caplets line or boundary he was sent away from the party. Basically the way Tybalt approaches his uncle to inform him about Romeos presence in the party, was in sort of form a jealousy way. He also showed a lot of viciousness and anger to fight but his uncle denied him since he was higher than him. .uf5641c5b09088d3e9faa19632351962e , .uf5641c5b09088d3e9faa19632351962e .postImageUrl , .uf5641c5b09088d3e9faa19632351962e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf5641c5b09088d3e9faa19632351962e , .uf5641c5b09088d3e9faa19632351962e:hover , .uf5641c5b09088d3e9faa19632351962e:visited , .uf5641c5b09088d3e9faa19632351962e:active { border:0!important; } .uf5641c5b09088d3e9faa19632351962e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf5641c5b09088d3e9faa19632351962e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf5641c5b09088d3e9faa19632351962e:active , .uf5641c5b09088d3e9faa19632351962e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf5641c5b09088d3e9faa19632351962e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf5641c5b09088d3e9faa19632351962e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf5641c5b09088d3e9faa19632351962e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf5641c5b09088d3e9faa19632351962e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf5641c5b09088d3e9faa19632351962e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf5641c5b09088d3e9faa19632351962e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf5641c5b09088d3e9faa19632351962e .uf5641c5b09088d3e9faa19632351962e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf5641c5b09088d3e9faa19632351962e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hamlet's strengths and weaknesses EssayThe meeting between Romeo and Juliet was very romantic in that they had their first kiss which was unexpected for their first meeting or first time together. In this part he also involves his poetry talk. He begs for a kiss from Juliet and gets it from her. Since he had gone to look for Rosaline everything changed and saw someone better than her. This led him and Juliet to love at first sight. The language used is touching and is romantic. The way he begs for a kiss is in such a powerful way that Juliet just had to give in. The language in terms of poetry and romance is very strong. I would consider this love as at first sight and als o as true love. Their love is just so strong that they could afford to do anything to be together, considering death as well. At the ending part the dramatic effect was that Romeo and Juliet were going to live happily ever after. After she had taken the medicine which was to put her to deep sleep to await for romeo her dearest love but in spite he did not get the correct message and brought up their death. Their reaction was not negative to one another this is because they learnt to love one another because they knew they were meant to be together. Nothing will happen to them as long as no one finds out. But if their family members were to find out, there would be carouse between them and their families. Shakespeare has made the play dramatic in the sense that it is interesting to find two young people who are madly in love from families that are both enemies. The scene that is crucial is the falling in love that lasted for long and then followed by the deaths. There is still love and hate among us all and I do not think there is anyone in our universe that is full of love as Romeo and Juliet. The scene to me is full of romance and also has a great lesson to me. The lesson is that we should learn to love and not to hate.

Katz V. The United States Essays - Privacy Of Telecommunications

Katz V. The United States Essays - Privacy Of Telecommunications Katz V. The United States The petitioner Mr. Katz was arrested for illegal gambling, he had been gambling over a public phone. The FBI attached an electronic recorder onto the outside of the public phone booth. The state courts claimed this to be legal because the recording device was on the outside of the phone and the FBI never entered the booth. The Supreme Court Ruled in the favor of Katz. They stated that the Fourth Amendment allowed for the protection of a person and not just a person?s property against illegal searches. The Fourth Amendment written in 1791 states, The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized (Galloway 214). The court was unsure on weather or not they should consider a public telephone booth as an area protected by the fourth amendment. The court did state that: The Fourth Amendment protects people, not places. What a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection. But what he seeks to preserve as private, even in an area accessible to the public, may be constitutionally protected...Searches conducted without warrants have been held unlawful notwithstanding facts unquestionably showing probable cause, for the Constitution requires that the deliberate impartial judgment of a judicial officer be interposed between the citizen and the police (Maddex 201). The FBI agents found out the days and times he would use the pay phone. The FBI attached a tape recorder to the outside of the telephone booth. The FBI recorded him using the phone six different times, all six conversations were around three minutes long. They made sure that they only recorded him and not anyone else?s conversations. Katz lost the case all the way up to the Supreme Court because the state courts and the Court of Appeals said there was no amendment violation since there was ?no physical entrance into the area occupied by the petitioner (Hall 482).? The Constitutional Fourth Amendment was looked at and analyzed very carefully and the Surpreme Court decided in favor of Katz with a seven to one vote. Strong arguments were brought to the stand, the Governments eavesdropping violated the privacy of Katz. ?The Fourth Amendment governs not only the seizure of tangible items but extends as well the recording of oral statements (Katzen 1).? The surveillance in this case could have been legal by the constitution, but it was not part of the warrant issued. Warrants are very valuable to make everything stated in the fourth amendment legal. The telephone booth was made of glass so he was visible to the public, but he did not enter the booth so no one could see him, he entered the booth so no one could hear him. A person in a telephone booth is under protection of the Fourth Amendment, One who occupies it, shuts the door behind him, and pays the toll that permits him to place a call is surly entitled to assume that the words he utters into the mouthpiece will not be broadcasted to the world. To read the constitution more narrowly is to ignore the vital role that the public telephone has to come to play in private communication (Katzen 2). But with all this evidence it was still fought that the surveillance method they used involved no physical penetration into the telephone booth. The Fourth Amendment was thought to limit only searches and seizures of tangible property. The decision of the court was seven to one and Mr. Justice Marshall took no part in the decision of the case. Mr. Justice Stewart concurred in his speech that, ...these considerations do not vanish when the search in question is transferred from the setting of a home, an office, or a hotel room to that of a telephone booth. Wherever a man may be, he is entitled to know that he will remain free from unreasonable searches and seizures (Katzen 4). Mr. Justice Stewart?s feelings on the case were that the use of electronic surveillance should be regulated. He thinks permission should be granted for the use of electronic surveillance. Mr. Justice Douglas, with whom Mr. Justice Brennan joined, concurred that ?The Fourth Amendment draws no lines between various substantive offenses. The arrests in cases of

Global perspective Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Global perspective - Essay Example Individuals can travel from one country to another by taking direct flights. Therefore, this increases criminal cases such as illegal immigration and drug dealing and human trafficking (Ndiaye,  2007). These cases are mainly caused by the wide spared globalization. They affect the criminal justice systems of the United States significantly because; they demand a lot of time and thus; other areas of the systems have to be foregone. Globalization has also increased cross-border terrorism, which affects the American Criminal Justice System considerably. This is because while people move from one place to another while conducting trade, assessing all the people entering the country becomes difficult. Therefore, globalization leaves a loophole for terrorists to enter a country. Illegal immigration on the other could also be said to arise from extensive globalization since; people enter a country as traders or business people with fake documents and yet the authorities fail to realize it (Ndiaye,  2007). This can be attributed to the multitude of cases burdening the Criminal Justice System such that; it fails to exercise keenness in its work. However, globalization can also be said to have a positive effect on the American Criminal Justice Systems. This is because with globalization, law enforcement agencies are now able to obtain information about people within a very short period. In addition, globalization connects the American criminal justice system with criminal justice systems of other countries in the world. Therefore, the system has become stronger since it can borrow different ideas from the other systems. Through globalization, the American criminal justice system also coordinates well the criminal justice systems of other countries to ensure that criminal activities are acutely reduced. The civil law is a type of law that deals with the kinds of disputes that are not termed as criminal cases. Therefore, the law solves disputes arising from matters suc h as contracts, divorces, ownership of property, child custody and compensation for property or personal damage. The law is normally based on the ruling of court but sometimes it is based on the federal statutes. Basically, civil law serves as a remedy of solving problems among people. Common law is a type of law that deals with similar cases as the civil law. However, the difference between the civil law and common law is that judgments in common law are based on prior judgments made by other judges on similar or closely related cases. Therefore, judges depend on their predecessors’ judgments to decide cases in court (Quigley,  1989). However, sometimes judges have to look outside the set precedents in order to avoid the issue of rigidity in solving cases. Islamic law is a type of law that mainly solves Muslim cases based on their holy book, the Quran. The law, which is widely known as the Sharia Law, solves all kinds of cases irrespective of whether they are criminal or c ivil. For instance, it solves matters concerning crime, politics and financial issues. The law also solves personal matters such as fasting, prayer and hygiene. In the Sharia law, plaintiffs and defendants are not required to hire lawyers to represent them. Instead, the individuals normally represent themselves in the Sharia court. Socialist law is a type of law used in communist states such as China. Although the law is based on the civil law, it has been slightly modified in order to fit the ways of communism. The

Humanitarian Supply Chains & Disaster Relief Management Assignment

Humanitarian Supply Chains & Disaster Relief Management - Assignment Example â€Å"In addition, international humanitarian law and international criminal law prohibit acts of torture and ill-treatment not limited to those perpetrated by government forces, but also by members of armed groups.† (Caring for human rights challenges and opportunities for nurses and midwives, 2006). However, it is necessary and even imperative that disasters need to be stopped on their tracks through global satellite positioning techniques and Early Warning Systems (EWS). But this is easier said than done. Nevertheless, â€Å"practicing information gathering during a non-critical event or during a disaster to which the team is not responding is an excellent way to practice and hone skills.† (Budd n.d, p.14). There needs to be maximum consistency, coordination and assimilation between discrete, independent and diverse agencies along the humanitarian supply chain if the main objectives of such efforts are to fructify the threat of disasters itself rather than to underta ke relief and rescue operations after the horses have bolted from their stables. This study considers the critical appraisal and evaluation of the importance of logistics and supply chain management aspects and their impacts on humanitarian supply chain and disaster relief management. Humanitarian logistics underpin relief and rescue operations throughout the world. â€Å"The process of planning, implementing and controlling the efficient, cost-effective flow and storage of goods and materials as well as related information, from the point of origin to the point of consumption for the purpose of meeting the end beneficiary’s requirements.†

Contribution of 2010 World Cup To Local Businesses Term Paper

Contribution of 2010 World Cup To Local Businesses - Term Paper Example The main area of consideration in this review is the impact on local businesses. There are several expenses incurred during preparation and several benefits result from the events according to Maennig & Zimbalist (2012). The first article by Andrew Carlson discusses the heavy spending during the stadia construction. The government spent several million for the stadia at the expense of local projects. The tournament attracted investment from foreign companies and local companies were excluded from participating at the event. The big companies benefited from the constructions and FIFA partnerships. The second article discusses the marginalization and injustices experienced by informal traders. They were driven out of the cities and the municipality authorities increased the licensing fee. This locked out several traders from benefiting from the event. Some of their goods were confiscated by the authorities and some traders were arrested. Workers in the construction companies were also underpaid. The third article focuses on the benefits brought about by the link between the beachfront and the stadium in Durban. These infrastructural developments brought both positive and negative effects on local businesses in Durban. The transport business was improved, and there were short term job opportunities. Negative effects such as criminal activities were also attributed to the tournament. From: Carlson, A. (2010). A Theoretical Analysis of South African Identity and Audience for the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Preamble, 6, 1-18 Carlson discusses the impact of the world cup on the country’s identity. The world cup was a historic event that would change the image of the country and continent in the global economy. The world cup is defined as a mega event that has both long term effects, both positive and negative. The government hoped to alleviate poverty levels and boost its economic development agenda. The expected economic windfall was more compelling for the country t o host the tournament as suggested by Matheson and Baade (2004). Carlson examines the identity and negotiation in the postmodern era. Some of the impacts were increased tourism, improvement of infrastructure, and short-term business growth. Infrastructure improvement and job creation occurred at the expense of local projects and finances. The aim was to improve the national pride and unity. The country was required to construct stadiums that met the FIFA standards. This meant constructing new stadia instead of renovating the existing stadia in the country. In Cape Town, the government had to forego the smaller and accessible Athlone stadium and construct a larger Green Point stadium. Athlone is the home to Ajax football club. It is located on the Cape Flats, which would increase accessibility for local fans. The Green Point stadium was more expensive than Athlone upgrades. This construction cost was borne by the local municipality and the government. However, Green Point provided a better view of the ocean and Table Mountain. This construction was aimed at enhancing the World Cup value instead of contributing to the development of the local area according to Alegi (2007). Several companies were given contracts for the construction work. These companies benefitted from millions of rand set aside for the stadia projects.  

UK DMS Military Amputee Rehabilitation Strategy

UK DMS Military Amputee Rehabilitation Strategy Introduction The previous chapter provided information regarding the context and background to the study, the research aim and objectives, the statement of the problem, the scope and limitations of the study, and the study structure. Globally, the availability of rehabilitative staff and for that matter health workers in general has become a cause for concern. WHO (2006) commented that the world faces a shortage of 4.2 million health workers. Experts have warned that the number of health workers being trained domestically in many countries is threatened by the strain on public finances inflicted by the ongoing economic crisis. The EU could face a shortage of 1 million health professionals by 2020 or 2 million if long-term care and auxiliary professions are also taken into account (Jensen, 2013). To combat these shortages, the UK and USA recruit staff on an industrial and international scale (Eckenwiler, 2009). This chapter will review the UK DMS military amputee rehabilitation strategy. Comparing the UK with US, it will review the global rehabilitation situation, discussing a number of issues affecting service provision, and rehabilitation staff availability. Additionally, the chapter will review some of the current evidence supporting the impact relocation has on the retention of civilian rehabilitation staff, and review perspectives underlying staffs willingness to stay with health organisations. UK Military Rehabilitation Strategy The principal aim of the UK DMS Rehabilitation Strategy (the Defence Military Rehabilitation Programme) is to return service personnel to operational levels of fitness as soon as possible the fitter quicker principle. Where this is not achievable e.g. military amputee patients the aim is to attain the maximal level of physical, psychological and social health possible (MOD, 2010, p.1). The Defence Military Rehabilitation Strategy (the Defence Medical Rehabilitation Programme) currently encompasses two distinct capabilities; the DMRC (Defence Medical Rehabilitation Centre) and the DMRS (Defence Medical Rehabilitation Service). The DMRC is the foremost Defence rehabilitation centre where service personnel can receive rehabilitation for neurological, complex trauma (polytrauma) or force generation musculoskeletal conditions. The DMRS (MOD, 2016) is provided through a tiered network of rehabilitation facilities including 152 Primary Care Rehabilitation Facilities (PCRF) and 15 Regional Rehabilitation Units (RRU) across the UK and Germany. The PCRFs are Unit/Station based rehabilitation departments offering physiotherapy and exercise therapy on an outpatient basis. Patients with injuries that cannot be resolved at this level are referred to RRUs who provide rapid access to imaging services, podiatry and residential rehabilitation. The Defence Military Rehabilitation Programme is also supported by PRCs (Personnel Recovery Centres). They are residential facilities situated in or near garrisons and are available to all members of the Armed Forces during their recovery from sickness or injury. They aim to assist personnel back to either military service or a second career in a civilian occupation. US Military Rehabilitation Strategy United States Military Rehabilitation Strategy recognised the need for an overhaul of rehabilitation services during the War in Afghanistan. Seven years after US troops entered the Afghanistan conflict, Congress passed the Defence Authorization Act of 2008, which reflected legal and healthcare workers concerns about the quality and availability of medical care services (Lister, Panangala, and Scott, 2008). Accordingly, todays casualties receive an effective and expansive set of rehabilitative services that are akin to those seen in the in the United Kingdom. US rehabilitative care is provided by Tricare (a health care program of the United States Department of Defense Military Health System) and the Veterans Association (VA)2. Global Rehabilitation Issues Amputee Services Amputee rehabilitation services in high income countries are usually centrally funded and provide effective support. Amputee rehabilitation in low and middle income countries depends on their nations stage of development. In areas beset by war (for example Cambodia, Vietnam, Angola, Mozambique and Uganda), the greatest number of amputations (Staats, 1996) results from conflict and landmine explosions. As war drags on, the number of amputees increases and becomes an economic burden. In some countries the number of amputees is so great it is considered an ecological as well as economic disaster; this is the amputee volume imperative. In these regions amputee rehabilitation in any form is a luxury, if it is available at all. Global Rehabilitation Issues Population Effects When delivered at its best, rehabilitation provides people with the tools they need to attain maximal health, function, independence and self-determination (WHO, 2002). The World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Bank estimate that people with disabilities constitute at least 15% of the worlds population, with the majority in low and middle-income countries (WHO, 2011; Pryor and Boggs, 2012). Despite the continued increase in rehabilitation cases worldwide, prioritizing and monitoring of progress to improve health services for people with disabilities remains inadequate (Tomlinson et al., 2009). International evidence shows that people with disabilities have many unmet health and rehabilitation needs, face barriers in accessing mainstream health-care services, and consequently have poor health. With an ever-increasing incidence and prevalence of chronic disabling non-communicable diseases (Boutayeb and Boutayeb, 2005) and a global health refocus on reducing mortality, the world is experiencing a growing demand for rehabilitation services. Generally however, physical and functional rehabilitation is not emphasized in global health discourse (Pryor and Boggs, 2012), despite many recent documents, including various national and international policy instruments and the World Report on Disability (2011) that stressed that physical rehabilitation services are a necessary element of a comprehensive system. The WHO Global Disability Action Plan 2014-2021 (2015) includes the strengthening of rehabilitation services as a key objective. To achieve this objective, it provides capacity building actions (to meet this objective) for member states, national and international partners. Currently however, rehabilitation services, particularly in low and middle-income countries, do not have t he capacity to adequately address the needs of their populations. Global Rehabilitation Issues Finance and Resources UK and US military rehabilitation strategies are able to provide tiered and specialist services as they are centrally funded. Specialised amputee services in high income countries can also attract charitable donations in order to achieve the best care solution. Where rehabilitation is adequately financed, national rehabilitation strategies (NRH, 2009) dictate that care should be delivered from 3 perspectives: general rehabilitation; specialist rehabilitation; and a complex specialised rehabilitation service (C-SRS). In high income countries (UK, US, Australia, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden) rehabilitation is integrated in health care and financed under the national health system (Lilja et al., 2009; WHO, 2004). In other countries responsibilities are divided between different ministries. This stymies rehabilitation services at regional and local level; they are often poorly coordinated and not integrated into the overall system (OECD, 2008). The cost of rehabilitation can be a barrier for people with disabilities in high-income as well as low-income countries. Rehabilitation is problematic even where central funding from government, insurers, or NGOs is available, as it may not cover enough of the costs to make it affordable (Bijelow et al., 2004). Deficits in the New Zealand rehabilitation infrastructure and workforce already severely compromise access to and provision of rehabilitation services (New Zealand Rehabilitation Association, 2014). Australia (the sixth largest country in the world) is a high-income country, ranked 19th in terms of per capita GDP. The development of health services in Australia has mainly been focused on metropolitan and regional areas, with both on-site and outreach locations. A review of 30 years of development in rehabilitation, clinical services, and education reforms in Victoria (Pryor and Boggs, 2012), indicates that progress has been indifferent with mistakes, dead ends and successes al ong the way. Financing strategies can improve the provision, access, and coverage of rehabilitation services, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries. Whilst it can be assumed that any new strategy should be carefully evaluated for its applicability and cost-effectiveness before being implemented, the reality is that rapid implementation negates strategic review. In low and middle income countries, physical and functional rehabilitation is particularly challenging, given human resource shortages and inadequate funding of health care. In these situations, rehabilitation services have evolved in unique ways. They are often strongly linked to humanitarian responses and wider disability actions, and are less connected with mainstream health care than in other settings. Aid agencies from Australia, Germany, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States have supported such activities (Dolea, 2010). The rehabilitation sector is frequently disconnected from the health sector and is closely linked with poverty reduction strategies. Limited resources and health infrastructure in developing countries, and in rural and remote communities in developed countries, can reduce access to rehabilitation and quality of services (World Bank, 2009). In a survey of the reasons for not using health facilities in two Indian states, 52.3% of respondents indicated that no healthcare facility in the area was available (World Bank, 2009). Other countries lack rehabilitation services that have proven effective at reducing long-term costs, such as early intervention for children under the age of five (Stucki et al., 2005; Rimmer, 2006; Storbeck and Pittman, 2008). A study of users of community-based rehabilitation (CBR) in Ghana, Guyana, and Nepal showed limited impact on physical well-being because CBR workers had difficulties providing physical rehabilitation (Stucki et al., 2005). A 2005 global surv ey (SNCDD, 2006) of the implementation of the nonbinding, United Nations Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities found that: in 48 of 114 (42%) countries that responded to the survey, rehabilitation policies were not adopted; in 57 (50%) countries legislation on rehabilitation for people with disabilities was not passed; in 46 (40%) countries rehabilitation programmes were not established. Spending on rehabilitation services is difficult to determine because it generally is not disaggregated from other health care expenditure. Many countries particularly low and middle income countries struggle to finance rehabilitation, but rehabilitation is a good investment because it builds human capital (Haig et al., 2009). Health care funding often provides selective coverage for rehabilitation services, for example, by restricting the number or type of assistive devices, the number of therapy visits over a specific time, or the maximum cost (Dejong, Palsbo, and Beatty, 2002), in order to control cost. Governments in 41 of 114 countries did not provide funding for assistive devices in 2005 (SNCDD, 2006). In Haiti, before the 2010 earthquake, an estimated three quarters of amputees received prosthetic management due to the lack of availability of services (Bijelow et al., 2004). Poor access to prosthetic services that were available was attributed partially to users being unable to pay (Bijelow et al., 2004). Rehabilitation national survey in India, found two thirds of the assistive technology users reported having paid for their devices themselves (World Bank, 2009). Whilst global strategy recognised the need for appropriate resourcing, very few countries recognised the impact of disability on income. People with disabilities have lower incomes and are often unemployed, so are less likely to be covered by employer-sponsored health plans or private voluntary health insurance. If they have limited finances and inadequate public health coverage, access to rehabilitation may also be limited, compromising activity and participation in society (Crowley, 2003). Global Rehabilitation Issues Availability of Services and Staff National rehabilitation strategies require competent professional staff in great numbers; the global availability however of qualified /experienced rehabilitation professionals is on the decline (Chen, 2006). Not only do the settings for rehabilitation vary greatly from country to country, the availability of rehabilitation services in different settings varies within and across nations and regions (WHO, 2004; Haig, 2007; Tinney et al., 2007; Buntin, 2007; Ottenbacher and Graham, 2007). Haig et al (2009) flippantly concluded that the chance of a person with a disability in sub-Saharan Africa meeting a physician with specialist skills is about the same as that for an Antarctic penguin. Continuous WHO research has revealed wide cross-national disparities in the supply of rehabilitation health professionals. Lower income countries tend to have the lowest densities with less than 0.5 workers per 10,000 inhabitants in many countries of sub-Saharan Africa but also in several across Asia (Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, Myanmar, India) and the Eastern Mediterranean (Iran, Yemen). Many high income countries including Finland, Japan, the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada have workforce densities several times higher (De Savigny and Adam, 2009). This finding is not surprising: large differences across countries and critical shortages of highly skilled professionals in low-income countries have been well documented (Chen, 2006). Building a cadre of trained amputee rehabilitation personnel is a goal of many organisations and governments. Dunleavy (2007) suggests that the quality of the rehabilitation workforce in low-income countries is both disturbing and dangerous. A recent comprehensive survey of rehabilitation in Ghana identified no rehabilitation doctor or occupational therapist in the country, resulting in very limited access to therapy and assistive technologies (Tinney, 2007). An extensive survey of rehabilitation doctors in sub-Saharan Africa identified only six, all in South Africa, for more than 780 million people, while Europe has more than 10 000 and the United States more than 7000 (Haig et al., 2009). Discrepancies are also large for other rehabilitation professions (Saxena et al., 2007). Many developing countries do not have educational programmes for rehabilitation professionals. According to the 2005 global survey, 37 countries had not taken action to train rehabilitation personnel and 56 had not updated medical knowledge of health-care providers on disability (SNCDD, 2006). Despite a huge need for rehabilitation services in both urban and rural Cambodia, for example, hospitals could not afford to hire rehabilitation professionals (Dunleavy, 2007). Global Rehabilitation Issues Communication and Strategy Inadequate health information systems and communication strategies can contribute to low rates of participation in rehabilitation. Barriers to rehabilitation include poor communication across the health care sector and between providers (notably between primary and secondary care), inconsistent and insufficient data collection processes, multiple clinical information systems, and incompatible technologies (DiGiacomo, 2010). Poor communication can result in ineffective coordination of responsibilities among providers (Kroll and Neri, 2003). Complex referral systems can limit access. Where access to rehabilitation services is controlled by doctors (Dejong, Palsbo, and Beatty, 2002), medical rules or attitudes of primary physicians can obstruct individuals with disabilities from obtaining services (Hilberink, 2007). People are sometimes not referred, or inappropriately referred, or unnecessary medical consultations may increase their costs (Eldar, 2000; Holdsworth et al., 2006). The 200 5 global survey (SNCDD, 2006) of 114 countries, revealed 57 did not consult with families of persons with disabilities about design, implementation, and evaluation of rehabilitation programmes. This directly challenged McColl and Boyces supposition (2003) that the development, implementation, and monitoring of strategy and policy should always include users. A study of rehabilitation medicine related to physical impairments in five central and eastern European countries suggested that the lack of strategic planning for services had resulted in an uneven distribution of service capacity and infrastructure (Eldar et al., 2008). Strategy and planning needs to be based on analysis of the current situation, and consider the main aspects of rehabilitation provision leadership, financing, information, service delivery, products and technologies, and the rehabilitation workforce (De Savigny and Adam, 2009), defining priorities based on local need. Many countries have good legislation and related policies on rehabilitation, but the implementation of these policies, and the development and delivery of regional and local rehabilitation services, have lagged. Retention of Rehabilitation Staff Like other health staff, retaining rehabilitation professionals is affected by poor working conditions, safety concerns, poor management, conflict, inadequate training, lack of career development and continuing education opportunities (Crouch 2001; Tinney, 2007; Lehmann, Dieleman, and Martineau, 2008; Tran et al., 2008; Dolea, 2010). High income countries do not suffer from this scarcity, as their economies regularly attract healthcare workers from low-income countries (Landry, Rickets, and Verrier, 2007; Mock et al., 2007; Lehmann, Dieleman, and Martineau, 2008; Willis-Shattuck, 2008; Magnusson and Ramstrand, 2009). Retaining professional workers is especially important as professional workers may have stronger professional than organisational identification reasons for staying (Robertson and Hammersley, 2000). Retention can prove difficult however as turnover tends to be growing rapidly across many industries (Si, Wei and Li, 2008). More importantly, when employees leave they take their know-how with them and thus an organisation risks a potential loss of experience and expertise (Walker, 2001; Frank, Finnegan and Taylor, 2004). Employers invest a lot in recruiting and selecting employees and then invest even more in training and developing them over time. The development of these assets is an important task for human-resource managers (Sutherland, Torricelli, Karg, 2002). Moncarz, Zhao and Kay (2009) found that professional growth is an important retention factor and that in organisations where employees receive the proper training needed to assume greater responsibilities, turnover rates are generally lower (p. 441). Why Staff Stay With Organisations The learning and development of employees is an important retention-supporting strategy (Horwitz, Heng, and Quazi, 2003; Kyndt et al., 2009). Tymon, Stumpf and Smith (2011) note how retaining the best professional talent is of great practical significance to organisations as it eliminates the recruiting, selection and on-boarding costs of their replacement, maintains continuity in their areas of expertise, and supports a culture in which merit can be rewarded (p. 293). Advancement opportunities appear to motivate high-performer retention more so than other employees (Hausknecht, Rodda, and Howard, 2009). The role of management as a key factor in the retention of professional workers has been cited by several studies. Andrews and Wan (2009) link improved nurse retention to manager behaviour (p. 342) and Snyder and Lopez (2002) emphasize the role of leaders in an organisation in encouraging the talent of the organisation to stay. Research has shown that as long as employees feel that they are learning and growing, they will be less inclined to leave. On the other hand, once employees feel they are no longer growing, they begin to look externally for new job opportunities (Rodriguez, 2008). Factors influencing retention appear to be the existence of challenging and meaningful work, opportunities for advancement, positive relationships with colleagues, empowerment, responsibility, recognition of capabilities and performance contributions, rewards, good work-life balance, good communication within the organisation, managerial integrity and quality, and new opportunities/challenges (Arnold 2005; Herman 2005; Pitts, Marvel, and Fernandez, 2011; Allen and Shanock, 2013). The role of management as a key factor in the retention of professional workers has been cited by several studies. Andrews and Wan (2009) link improved nurse retention to manager behaviour (p. 342) and Snyder and Lopez (2002) emphasize the role of leaders in an organisation in encouraging the talent of the organisation to stay. There appears to be two aspects of management that are particularly important in retention these being the adoption of an appropriate style of leadership (Spence Laschinger et al., 2009) and perceived management support (Paillà ©, 2013). Since learning and development opportunities appear crucial for the retention of talented employees (Arnold, 2005; Echols, 2007; Rodriguez, 2008; Kroon and Freese, 2013) an organisation must establish a supportive learning and working climate. This makes development and learning critical for attracting and retaining employees, because talented people are inclined to leave if they feel they are not growing and stretching (Michaels, Handfield-Jones, and Axelrod, 2001, p. 14). Relocation and Strategy Relocation is among one of the most radical strategic decisions a firm can make (Isabella 1990). Relocation is essentially a form of organisational change, which, in its simplest form, can be defined as a difference between new and old settings (Weber and Manning, 2001, p. 229). Even when completed within the same vicinity, it is a complex and unsystematic process involving several stakeholders, phases and decisions (OMara, 1999). Whilst relocation can be perceptualised as a golden opportunity, with organisations using change as a catalyst to introduce elements of organisational change (Inalhan, 2009), it can have a significant impact on real estate costs, productivity, efficiency, workforce satisfaction, and meeting the overall business objectives (Morgan and Anthony, 2008; Christersson and Rothe, 2013). For employees, the combination of workplace redesign and relocation can be challenging. Not only are they facing a change in their workspace, they also lose the organisational patte rns and roles that were a part of the old premises (Milligan, 2003). Additionally, the way the change is delivered can also impact on how the change is received (Bull and Brown, 2011; Vischer, 2011). At an organisational level, many positive effects of relocation have been identified; positive changes in employee behaviour: enhanced employee satisfaction and productivity: improved decision-making, collaboration and cross-selling: improved retention and recruitment: reduced churn costs: and positive client feedback (Morgan and Anthony, 2008). On the other hand, relocation can also be risk-laden (Rasila and Nenonen, 2008). People form emotional links to physical environments, called place attachment (Milligan, 2003; Inalhan, 2009), and a relocation inevitably causes a disruption in this relationship to the old premises with some employees experiencing loss and grieving (Inalhan, 2009) or even a form of organisational death (Milligan, 2003). Early employee involvement and empowerment to participate in decision-making should be a part of projects where workplace change is significant and a part of a cultural transformation. Effective managerial communication in an organisation helps to connect with employees, build positive relationships and frame attitudes and behaviours of employees in the workplace and numerous studies state that communication plays an important role in the change process (Elving, 2005; Hayes, 2007) and some even claim that employee communication can mean its success or failure (Barrett, 2002). Communication of the reason and impact of the workplace change is significant in influencing the participants to accept change, and it is suggested to be even more important than the frequency or amount of information supplied (Bull and Brown, 2011). Despite this, employee experiences of the relocation process have not been widely addressed, with the exception of needs and experiences of employees in long-distan ce relocations, where organisations move to a new geographical area and the employees will have to move to a new home to stay with the company (Rabianski, 2007). Studies conducted within a relocated setting, often focus on comparing employees experiences of the old office with the new one (Brennan, Chugh, and Kline, 2002; Brown et al., 2010), but do not give attention to how employees experience the change in location. Conclusion The current economic situation has severely impacted global rehabilitation services. In low and middle income countries, inadequate resourcing combined with an ineffectual health infrastructure and consistent neglect of rehabilitation services, leaves patients facing lifelong disability. Some countries are barely able to provide a single rehabilitation practitioner. Beset by the net effects of an ever increasing population, the increasing health burden will continue to destabilize and overwhelm the most basic rehabilitation services. Even affluent countries (UK and USA) struggle to retain or recruit personnel, depending on industrial-scale immigration of qualified rehabilitation staff from countries who can barely afford their release. Nations (and naturally organisations, the DMS and MOD) recognise the qualities an experienced workforce can deliver. With the prospect of relocation, retaining these workforces can be difficult. Thus, the availability and maintenance of personal and professional development are key retention strategies. Relocation however, can have diverse results. On the one hand it can result in positive changes in employee behaviour, enhanced employee satisfaction and productivity; on the other it can result in a significant impact on the workforce, leading to the loss of staff with a resulting shortfall in experience and expertise. Though there are a number of researchers that have investigated healthcare workers perspectives of relocation and retention, this literature review has revealed a lack of any available UK military associated research of its military or civilian staff. The next chapter will attempt to address the DMRC civilian rehabilitation workforces retention and relocation perspectives through a research methodology that will encompass a qualitative focus group and cross-sectional quantitative investigation.

Julius Caesar: The Peoples Dictator Essay example -- Ancient Rome, Th

Julius Caesar has always been an important, well-known figure in history. His name still lives on, two thousand years after his death. Even the terms "Kaiser" and "Tsar" are renditions of "Caesar." To this day, the name "Caesar" conjures images of ancient Rome, conspiracies, intrigue, and murder. Thanks to William Shakespeare, most people know that he was betrayed and killed by his friends. But what made Caesar so fascinating that Shakespeare would choose to write about Caesar over fifteen hundred years after his death? Why do we remember Caesar? He was a great military leader, and a master politician. He was murdered. But there have been others in history like Caesar, yet we do not remember their names. We remember Caesar because the common Romans adored him. Caesar was able to empathize with them, and they loved him, even to the point of elevating him to the status of a god. It is because of the people that he led that we remember Caesar's name. Gaius Julius Caesar was born in 100 B.C. to Aurelia and Julius Caesar, in the neighborhood of Subura, just a short distance from the heart of Rome. Although the Caesars were patrician nobility, much of the family's money had run out by the time that Caesar was born. It was for this reason that Aurelia and Julius lived in the less prosperous Subura area. Because he was raised in this area, the young Caesar had a unique perspective. He was "A patrician descendant of kings who knew intimately the lives and sorrows of common Romans" (Freeman 19). Therefore, when he became an adult, he was able to identify with the less-affluent plebeian class better than most Romans in politics at the time. As with most Roman families, the elder Caesar was often away from ... ...ed? True, he was a great military leader, and a great leader of men. Yet that is only a part of why he has been remembered. There have been other great leaders that have not been as remembered throughout history as Caesar has. We remember him because the people whom he governed immortalized him throughout history. The commoners of Rome adored Caesar, and they made sure that his name would endure. Works Cited Canfora, Luciano. Julius Caesar: The Life and times of the People's Dictator. Trans. Marian Hill and Kevin Windle. Berkeley: University of California, 2007. Print. Freeman, Philip. Julius Caesar. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008. Print. Goldsworthy, Adrian. Caesar. New Haven: Yale UP, 2006. Print. Suetonius. The Twelve Caesars: The Lives of the Roman Emperors. Trans. John Carew Rolfe. St. Petersburg, FL: Red and Black Pub., 2008. Print.

A Modern Malolos Republic

Pia A. Kasaysayan 1: Philippine History Reflection Paper A Modern â€Å"Malolos Republic†: A Reflection on M. Guerrero's â€Å"The Underside of the Malolos Republic† It’s generally acknowledged among Filipinos and some people around the globe that the Philippines is among one of the most corrupt countries in the world. In 2012, the Philippines ranked 105 with a 3. 4 Corruption Percentage Index in Transparency International’s compilation of data from 176 countries.The CPI score ranks countries from 0-10, with 0 indicating that a country is perceived to be highly corrupt, and 10 means that a country is perceived to be very clean (Transparency International, 2012). Corruption proves to be that longstanding problem that Filipinos and Filipino politicians always face. Of the many means of political corruption in the Philippines today, believed to be among the most rampant are graft, bribery, embezzlement, electoral fraud, backdoor deals, cronyism, and nepotism (Conde, 2007).Just by taking a look at the politicians currently holding office can the last type be evident. One family sometimes holds a seat in office for generations, ranging from barangay captain to the presidency. The political arena in the Philippines is largely comprised of and governed by ruling political dynasties, instead of political parties (Eder ; Vallarta, 2007). Corruption truly remains rampant in the Philippine society. What astounds me is the fact that it has been so rampant for so very long.According to Milagros Guerrero’s â€Å"The Underside of the Malolos Republic,† political corruption has been with the Filipinos since the very establishment of a republic in our country. Emilio Aguinaldo’s term as presidency seemed at-par with that of modern-day Filipino presidents like Joseph â€Å"Erap† Estrada or Gloria Macapagal â€Å"GMA† Arroyo in terms of its cleanliness and transparency. Where Aguinaldo’s term exhibited cronyism , or appointing longstanding friends into positions of authority regardless of their qualifications, so did Erap’s and GMA’s.Erap’s infamous Midnight Cabinet consisted of shady characters with which he would spend the night drinking liquor with. These men were often powerful players in society, both from the public and private sectors. This group of men, from politicians to businessmen, often won favor and other perks from the Estrada administration. Another example of cronyism is GMA’s alleged â€Å"midnight appointment† of former Chief Justice Renato Corona just before she was to step down from office. This mirrors Aguinaldo’s own treatment of his former generals and comrades at arms in the revolution.These men were soon elevated into positions of high rank, taking advantage of the sudden absence of the Spaniards to prey on unsuspecting fellow Filipinos. It was also from cronyism that came graft and embezzlement, manifestations of a politi cian’s greed for more power and personal belongings. Graft is the unscrupulous use of a politician’s authority for personal gain. Embezzlement, in the context of political corruption in the Philippines, is basically taking money for personal use in violation of a trust, such as the tax law.Among Aguinaldo’s cronies and supporters, there were quite a few who used their name and political power to exhort Filipinos into giving up land and money. As governor of Cagayan, Daniel Tirona swindled the town of hundreds of thousands of pesos. This is no different from modern day governors who seek out the favor of the current president in office, in order to gain more power. Embezzlement, when committed by high government officials, becomes an even graver crime against the state. Pres.Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo and some officials of her government were often suspected of embezzlement. There were a number of notable political scandals during her tenure as president, two of whi ch were the notorious Fertilizer Fund Scam and the NBN-ZTE Deal. Even until today are Erap and his indulgent lifestyle become the stuff of urban legend and stigmatization. While Aguinaldo himself is mostly spared from such a demeaning legacy, as he is often lauded as the hero-president of the Philippine Revolution, his colleagues and supporters simply cannot be awarded the same protection.Jose Ignacio Paua, Aguinaldo’s brother-in-law and general, was not well received in Albay and other Bicol areas where he milked his constituents out of home and land. Mentioned above, the infamous Daniel Tirona was hardly also the symbol for political and financial cleanliness. While it is our politicians’ ongoing promise to eradicate corruption, it’s obvious that with its roots so deep into our history, it will be no easy task. In order to truly have a clean, just government it’s up to the people to vote for whom they think deserves it and for those politicians to serve the people fairly and selflessly.As simple as it is, this conduct is often forgotten due to mostly selfish reasons. While corruption in the time of Aguinaldo and that of past presidents’ leave indelible stains in the history of the Philippines, our only solace is in the hope that future generations will not have to experience the same things. Works Cited Conde, C. H. (2007, March 13). Philippines most corrupt, survey says – The New York Times. Retrieved March 3, 2013, from The New York Times: http://www. nytimes. com/2007/03/13/business/worldbusiness/13iht-peso. 891792. html? _r=1; Eder, E. , ; Vallarta, A. (2007, April 20). GMA News Research: Political families reign in almost all of RP | News | GMA Online. Retrieved March 3, 2013, from GMA News Online: http://www. gmanetwork. com/news/story/39187/news/specialreports/gma-news-research-political-families-reign-in-almost-all-of-rp Transparency International. (2012). Research – CPI – Overview. Retrieved Ma rch 3, 2013, from Transparency International: http://www. transparency. org/research/cpi/overview

Hume and Kant on Free Will Essay

Abstract This paper is an attempt to show how Kant’s ideas concerning practical and transcendental freedom of the will was a significant correction to the parallel theories of Hume. It starts out by clarifying Hume’s critique of free will, especially as it appears in An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. It draws the conclusion that Hume’s philosophy is espousing skepticism, and that Kant’s effort is to overcome this skepticism and restore trust in reason. The philosophy of Kant is outlined in order to make the last point. It is generally agreed that Kant supplied the definitive stamp to philosophy that ushered in the modern age. Hume, though enormously influential in his time, and a favorite in the French salons of philosophy, fell into disrepute in the Victorian era, and only since has become a subject of restored interest. Yet Hume is the philosopher cited by Kant as having stirred him from his â€Å"dogmatic slumbers’. He had espoused a philosophy of empirical skepticism, so thorough and devastating in its scope that it became impossible for Kant to remain in his settled certainties of Newtonian science. It was the spur that carried him on to compose the Critique of Pure Reason (1781), where reason is restored, and man is once more vindicated as a rational being. Just because he refuted and answered Hume’s skepticism does not imply that the latter philosophy is nullified. We must keep this in mind, that Hume’s skepticism is completely valid as far as sense experience is concerned, and Kant does not refute any part of this philosophy. What he does is posit a further dimension to human understanding, specifically, the synthetic a priori faculty of the mind, the existence of which Hume did not suspect. Only after this addition is the primacy of reason restored. So we cannot say that Kant has destroyed Hume’s philosophy, rather he has added to it. Central to Hume’s skepticism is his critique of â€Å"cause and effect†, which is spelled out to its most profound depths in chapter VII of the An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (1748). The preliminary task is to outline the copy principle. The premise to this is that all knowledge begins from sense experience. Among such we are able to distinguish between primary and secondary sensations. The primary sensations are extension, motion, inertia etc, which are indeed the concepts that physics tackles. Color, taste, smell etc are said to be secondary sensations, composed or derived from the primary ones. The copy principle says that the primary sensations, though not delivering complete information from the material object – which is more poignantly described as â€Å"the object in itself – nevertheless is a faithful copy of it. This is why primary sensations are distinct and forceful presences in our mind. Secondary sensations are in turn copies of the original copy, and due to this derivative nature they lose distinctness to us. We will examine the copy principle of Hume in a moment. For the time being we accept it as such and consider the consequences. For Hume’s purposes, it has allowed him to refer to objects and their motions with confidence, and not to be held back by the validity of these concepts. For without the principle we don’t know as yet that objects are objects, and motion is motion, and we would have had to deal with a chaos of sense experience, and nothing meaningful to refer to it against (1993, p. 12). So now, with the copy principle of Hume as foundation, we proceed to talk about objects in motion. Next, we observe interdependence between objects, carried out in space and time. We â€Å"know† that motion in one object is â€Å"cause† to motion in another. A billiard ball in motion strikes another, and after impact the second acquires a velocity too, and the faculty of our understanding tells us, without the least inkling of doubt, that the impact imparted by the first ball is the cause of the second ball gaining motion. This understanding is so refined that we can, with a little help from Newton’s mechanics, predict the exact trajectory of the second ball by analyzing the trajectory of the first. We know it, but how do we know it? This is the crucial question for Hume. For if we do not have the answer we are left with skepticism. After impact with the first ball the second could have taken any one of an infinite number of trajectories. But it takes only one, and indeed we expect it to take only that one. A physicist may come along and try to convince us that it could not have taken any other trajectory because the laws of motion stipulates that, with the initial conditions given, the path it takes is the only possible one. But this is not an answer to the observer of the billiard ball, because he doesn’t care what the laws of physics are. If nature had followed another mathematical law then another outcome would have been just as valid. The observer could then have framed his conundrum differently: Of the infinite possible mathematical laws why just that one? There is nothing in the inner logic of the situation that dictates that the first ball should produce exactly the prescribed trajectory in the second. Hume said this about the experimental set-up, that we may try an experiment ten times, and may arrive at the exact same result ten times. But this does not prove that the specific outcome is inevitable. Not even if we confirmed the outcome a million times, because we would still only have a statistical probability and not a proof. Hume’s conclusion is that there is no rational link between cause and effect. Yet we expect effect to follow cause, immediately and irrevocably. If this is so then, explains Hume, it is a feeling transmitted to us by custom. What exactly he means by custom is left vague. He could not have meant anything other than â€Å"observing over and over again†, even though this fails to take into account new experience. He himself supplies a famous counterexample in the Enquiry. Some one who has experienced all the shades of blue, except for a tiny strip of the spectrum, is expected to report a gap when looking at the full spectrum of blue. But the fact is that he does not observe a gap at all, and recognizes at once the full spectrum of blue, even though he is experiencing a particular shade on blue for the first time. The recognition was instantaneous, and the eye did require â€Å"accustoming† beforehand. This readily disposes the theory of â€Å"custom†. Hume, however, continues to insist that our convictions regarding cause and effect can have no other source than custom. That the inference to custom is a vague one is made clear when he comes to consider free will. The very act of consciousness, he says, testifies to the existence of free will. But coming to reflect on how it is possible that we are able to willingly set our limbs into motion, and to move and external object thereby, it appears nothing less than miraculous. The mystery in nothing less than how one immaterial body imparts momentum to another: For first: Is there any principle in all nature more mysterious than the union of soul with body; by which a supposed spiritual substance acquires such an influence over a material one, that the most refined thought is able to actuate the grossest matter? (Hume, 1993, p. 43) The upshot is that we cannot explain free will, just as surely as we cannot explain cause and effect. ‘Custom’ was hesitantly introduced to explain cause and effect, and the same comes to the rescue of free will. As constant observers of nature we come to expect an effect to always follow a cause, and the same analysis ought to be applied to the orbit of human will. In all times and in all places humans have shown a constancy in their day to day affairs, which points to a constancy in human nature. The speculation concerning the scope of free will is overdone by the philosophers, maintains Hume. The exercise of free will, when looked at through the vista of human history, does not display divergence as much as it displays constancy. Hume broaches on the distinction between freedom and necessity to make this point clear. Inanimate objects convey to us most clearly the quality of freedom. We may describe an inanimate object as indifferent to the rest of the material universe, and in that sense free. But this freedom also entails necessity. The object is subject to the necessary laws of causation, and indeed is bound entirely by them. This is the relationship that binds cause and effect to inanimate objects, and is a relationship that is composed of both freedom and necessity. Hume transposes the same analysis to the relationship between human beings and free will. The will is indeed free, but being so implies that it conforms to human nature. He proposes the following definition: By liberty, then, we can only mean a power of acting or not acting, according to the determinations of the will; this is, if we choose to remain at rest, we may; if we choose to move, we also may. (1993, p. 63) The notion of free will advanced here bears a crucial difference to the popular one, and begs to be spelt out. What Hume describes as free will is not a choice between course ‘A’ and ‘B’. Rather the choice is between ‘A’ and ‘not A’, the latter implying stagnation, not an alternative course. This is the entire extent of our free will. We choose either to move forward, or else to stand still. This is what Hume would describe as freedom to act. Free will, however, is in complete accordance with human nature, and therefore follows the laws of necessity, just as everything else in contingent reality. Free will urges us to act â€Å"freely†. With freedom to act we may respond to this urge, or we may desist. In the final analysis our understanding of free will hinges on custom, in the same way as does our understanding of cause and effect. The past is guide to the future in the probabilistic sense. Beyond probabilities we have no understanding of either, contends Hume. In order to enforce this skepticism he proceeds to dismantle the Cartesian theories that pretended to explain mind and matter interaction, especially the theory of occasionalism advanced by Father Nicholas Malebranche. In this theory God is made both motivator and executor of every act or incident that seems to be â€Å"cause†, while the circumstances which we call a cause are only occasions for God to act in such a manner. Hume complained that this not only made God a slave to his own creation, but it also eradicated free will, making everything â€Å"full of God† (1993, p. 47). By disposing summarily the Cartesian explanations of cause and effect Hume makes his skepticism complete. Kant overcomes this skepticism by revising the premise of Hume. The correction is made most forcefully in the opening to the Critique: Although all our knowledge begins with experience, it does not follow that it arises entirely from experience.   For it is quite possible that our empirical knowledge is a compound of that which we receive through impressions and that which our own faculty of knowing (incited by impressions) supplies from itself†¦ (1999, p. 1) To be fair to Hume, he does consider this possibility, and ponders whether there is a blueprint in the mind where all ‘causes’ and all ‘effects’ can be referred back. (1993, p. 44). But he dismisses this idea when he realizes that a static blueprint can never account for the dynamic reality. However, the faculty that Kant is suggesting is not static, rather dynamic and creative, and here lies the crucial difference. In the technical terms of Kant it is the synthetic a priori faculty of the mind. This is distinguished from the analytic a priori faculty, such as logic. The rules of logic are extant in the mind (a priori), but form a self-consistent system (analytical), and therefore do not depend on sense experience. On the first instance it seems impossible that the mind can have a faculty that is synthetic a priori, where synthetic implies that it is creative. It entails that order is created out of the chaos of sense experience, and order that was not there before. But Kant also provides proof that the mind is capable of synthesis. Mathematical propositions are synthetic a priori, he contended. The proposition â€Å"3 + 5 = 8† may sound like self-consistent logic, but it is not really so. â€Å"8† is a completely new concept, and is not contained in either â€Å"3†, â€Å"5† or â€Å"+†. If we know that â€Å"3 + 5 = 8†, it is due to a synthetic a priori faculty in the mind. As Kant relates in the Prolegomena, when he realized that mathematical propositions are indeed synthetic a priori, it led him to ponder on what other such concepts the mind uses to facilitate understanding, and it appeared to him, in due course, that â€Å"cause and effect† was a concept of understanding that derives from the same faculty. He does not at all concern himself with material reality as a â€Å"thing in itself†, that which the materialist philosophers were after in order to provide a foundation to Newtonian science. Like Hume he maintains throughout that an absolute material reality is beyond knowledge, and to speculate on its existence was futile. We only need to consider what we perceive and what we do. He also shows that Hume falters at exactly those points where he cannot dismiss material existence in itself. The copy principle is slavish to a material object in itself. The object does not deliver copies to our mind; rather the mind provides the concepts of space in which we are able to conjure up material objects from sensory data. Both â€Å"space† and â€Å"time† are pure concepts of the mind, contends Kant, and like â€Å"cause and effect† are the tools by which we come to understand contingent reality (Prolegomena, 2005, p. 26). As soon as it is made out that we are the responsible architects of our own reality, and are not passive bystanders to an absolute material reality beyond our control, we suddenly discover ourselves as moral beings. Therefore the subsequent direction of Kant’s philosophy, after the metaphysics of understanding has been established, is towards a metaphysics of morals. And so emerges the crucial distinction that Kant makes between practical and transcendental freedom. To say that we have practical freedom implies we are able to understand the world, and by doing so we direct the will accordingly. We will do so of course for practical purposes – survival, utility, convenience, happiness etc. this would seem to cover the entire orbit of freedom. But Kant went on to demonstrate, in his Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals (1785), that such freedom is not actually freedom at all, and indeed is a binding. Thus far Kant is in concord with Hume. Now, the metaphysics of understanding, as spelt out in the Critique, is not the entire picture. The synthetic a priori faculty of the mind fashions understanding out of sensory experience. But such understanding does not lead to truth. As pure concepts of understanding space and time are both necessarily infinite. But because they emanate from the finite mind they are also finite. So in their very make-up space and time lead to contradictions. The same end must necessarily meet anything that takes place within space and time. So that matter is both infinitely divisible and also made up of concrete building blocks. As another example, we have free will, but at the same time everything is caused, so we don’t have free will. Such examples are put forward by Kant as pairs of â€Å"antinomies†. According to our understanding both consequences are valid, and yet they mutually contradict each other. All practical reasoning necessarily leads to pairs of antinomies. This must be so, because we reason by means of subject and predicate, where the subject is the cause of the predicate. But this subject is in turn predicate to another subject, and so on in an infinite chain of causation. If there was an ultimate subject at the beginning of this chain, we could have claimed to have discovered the final cause, and thereby have at hand a pronouncement of truth. But in contingent reality there is no such final cause. So whenever we try to make pronouncements of truth we must face contradiction. We cannot say that practical reason is false for this reason. Life is ruled by contingencies, and practical reason is to explain the contingent, or to facilitate such understanding. Absolute truth lies beyond all contingencies, and this is ruled by â€Å"pure† reason, explains Kant. It is not within the grasp of the human mind, yet it is the underpinning of the mind, and is the source of all innate faculties. The same analysis applies to practical freedom, which is but the corollary to practical reason. With practical freedom we choose our course according to practical reason, i.e. we are motivated by self-serving motives – happiness, honor, respectability, and so on. But in doing so we bind ourselves to those endless chains of contingencies, so that we are not really free. We chase material acquisition in order to be happy, and yet it always eludes us. The definition of freedom is to escape all contingencies, and yet by the application of practical reason we are mired more and more into contingent reality. Therefore we are not free. This is indeed a contradiction, one which Hume does not pay heed to. The very act of consciousness tells us that we are free, that out will is free. If practical reason does not embody this freedom, then surely pure reason must do so. By the same token, we are in possession of a transcendental freedom, which is a path that overcomes all contingencies, and is dictated by pure reason. Kant describes this path as the moral one. We recognize and follow this path from a sense of duty. To clarify what it is, duty is done for its own sake. There is no material motive whatsoever attached to it. Not for any particular good, it is done for the universal good. It is a categorical imperative, meaning that the very make-up of our being, or pure reason, dictates that we follow it. As an aid to identifying one’s duty Kant devised the following wording for the categorical imperative: â€Å"I ought never to act except in such a way that I could also will that my maxim should become a universal law† (Moral Law, 2005, p. 74). Kant is described as overcoming Hume’s skepticism. But it is questionable whether the latter is a skeptic at all. According to a contemporary, Hume’s philosophical paradoxes are delivered with a confidence that belies skepticism: â€Å"Never has there been a Pyrrhonian more dogmatic† (qtd. in Mossner, 1936, p. 129). A more recent reassessment of Hume is carried out by the German Neo-Kantian philosopher Ernst Cassirer, who opines, â€Å"Hume’s doctrine is not to be understood as an end, but as a new beginning† (1951, p. 59). The nature of this new beginning is well articulated by Hume himself. â€Å"Indulge your passion for science,† nature tells us, according to Hume, â€Å"but let your science be human, and such as may have a direct reference to action and society† (Hume, 1993, p. 3). If we listen carefully, the moral note that Hume is sounding is hardly different from that of the categorical imperative of Kant. Not for the person’s sake, but for humanity’s sake. Not for the particular good but for the universal good. This is the essence of Hume’s projected â€Å"science of man†, as it is also the heart of Kant’s metaphysics of morals. References Cassirer, E. (1951). The Philosophy of the Enlightenment. Trans. Fritz C. A. Koelln and James P. Pettegrove. Boston: Beacon Press. Hume, D. (1993). An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. E. Steinberg (Ed.) Boston: Hackett Publishing. Kant, I. (1999). Critique of Pure Reason. W. S. Pluhar (Trans.), E. Watkins (Ed.) Boston: Hackett Publishing. Kant, I. (2005). Kant’s Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing. Kant, I. (2005). The Moral Law: Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals. Translated by H. J. Paton. New York: Routledge. Mossner, E. C. (1936). Bishop Butler and the Age of Reason: A Study in the History Of Thought. New York: Macmillan.   

Anyone vs. Everyone

Anyone vs. Everyone Anyone vs. Everyone Anyone vs. Everyone By Maeve Maddox A promotional announcement for an end-of-year review on NPR set me thinking about the difference between anyone and everyone: The year 2014 has been no fun for just about everyone. The construction struck me as odd because the negative â€Å"no fun† led me to expect anyone, not everyone. Anyone means anybody or any person. It refers to an individual in a group; which one doesn’t matter. Anyone is the usual choice in negative statements and in questions: There wasn’t anyone in the lobby. I didn’t see anyone in the street. The year 2014 was no fun for anyone. Does anyone remember his name? Can anyone learn how to sing? In addition to its use with negatives and questions, anyone is used for emphasis: Anyone could do it, even a caveman. Everyone means everybody or every person. It refers to all the members in a group. Everyone worked late today. Everyone is welcome at the meetings. Her mother asked everyone to contribute to the food drive. The year 2014 was miserable for just about everyone. In some contexts, there is very little difference between anyone and everyone: Correct: Everyone benefits from a just government. Correct: Anyone benefits from a just government. Sometimes they are not interchangeable: Incorrect: The new CEO knows anyone in the business. Correct : The new CEO knows everyone in the business. Note: One could say, â€Å"The new CEO knows everyone who is anyone in the business.† The NPR sentence sounds unnecessarily convoluted to me, but then, it did catch my attention. Some idioms with anyone: anyone’s guess Something that can’t be known until it happens. â€Å"It’s anyone’s guess who will win the election.† anyone’s game An evenly balanced contest. â€Å"Tied in the seventh inning, it was still anyone’s game.† not give anyone the time of day Ignore someone, out of dislike or boorishness. â€Å"The new employee won’t give anyone the time of day.† Idioms with everyone: everyone who is anyone Anyone of any importance. â€Å"We talked with everyone who is anyone in the world of cycling, starting with urban mobility expert Mikael Colville-Andersen.† can’t please everyone No matter what you do, someone will object to it. â€Å"I stopped worrying about what people thought about my art. You can’t please everyone. everyone and his brother an especially large number of people. â€Å"Everyone and his brother had diplomatic representatives there.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Is She a "Lady" or a "Woman"?The Six Spellings of "Long E"Careful with Words Used as Noun and Verb